Fiction / Historical Trade Paperback Publication Date: May-2004 Price: $23.95 Size: 6 x 9 Author: José Maria Lacambra-Loizu ISBN: 0-595-31148-2 428 Pages On Demand Printing Available from Ingram Book Group, Baker & Taylor, and from iUniverse, Inc   To order call 1-877-823-9235   Drawing from family lore and heraldic records, The Lords of Navarre traces a Basque family's history from the last Ice Age to the present. Meticulously researched and authoritatively written, this absorbing narrative recounts the untold story of a people who left us their handsome cave paintings and continue to speak the haunting voices of their Cro-Magnon ancestors.   This epic saga chronicles the lives of successive generations of Basque warlords who migrated from the Caucasus forty thousand years ago, tangled with Neanderthals and settled in Pyrenean highlands which they fiercely defended against Celts, Romans, Franks, Moors and Castilians. In sharp, time-sequenced snapshots, their destinies and fortunes intertwine with those of Julius Caesar, Abd-el-Rahman, Charlemagne, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard the Lionheart, the Black Prince, Sancho el Fuerte of Navarre, Cesare Borgia, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile.   A central theme in this narrative is their involvement in the Reconquista, an eight century-long struggle to rid their land of occupying North African Moors during the Dark and early Middle Ages, an ancient struggle that eerily presaged today's renewed conflict between East and West. With the nagging persistence of an unscratched itch, this déjà-vu of that earlier conflict challenges current misguided attempts to suppress stirring battle cries like “Santiago, Moor slayer!” from Iberian history books.     Author's Biography   Of ancient Navarran lineage, Lacambra-Loizu grew up in the Basque country, studied Humanities at the Sorbonne, obtained his B.A. and a fascination with history from Gettysburg College, and earned a Ph.D. in Physics from Duke University. A scientist by profession and a humanist by avocation, he trains an inquisitive eye on the spellbinding history of his own Basque family. Now happily retired, he lives with his wife, Ann, in Winter Park, Florida.

A few segregated pockets of human populations exist in the world today whose origins have long intrigued anthropologists. The Basques, whose roots are lost in prehistoric mists, belong to one such race. Over the years, several engaging theories have been proposed regarding their origin. One of the more imaginative identified them with the lost tribe of Israel while another considered them survivors of ill-fated Atlantis.

Recent breakthroughs in linguistic and genetic investigations, however, confirm the even more startling thesis that the Basques are stragglers of the first group of Cro-Magnon to venture out of the Middle East during the middle Paleolithic to displace the Neanderthals and settle Europe. Keys to the survival of this racial isolate were the abrupt mountain valleys and near-impenetrable Pyrenean forests they chose to inhabit. The reluctance to share their gene pool with subsequent invaders helped preserve their ancestral traits and archaic morphology. So formidable were these geographical and cultural barriers, so effective their genetic isolation that the Basques managed to retain some of the vestigial traits that classify them as one of the handful of relic races remaining on earth today.

Linguists and anthropologists have long tried to solve the riddle of their origins. The mystery remained largely unsolved until recently, when a Spanish linguist [1] succeeded in breaking the Iberian hieroglyphic cipher, conclusively proving that the inscriptions engraved on Iberian vases, tombstones and lead tablets unearthed in eastern Spain represent Basque words written in archaic Phoenician or proto-Greek alphabets. This confirmation of an old conjecture underscores the intriguing hypothesis that the Basques - read "Iberians" - come from the Caucasus. Over two thousand years ago Egyptian [2], Greek [3] and Roman [4] sources identified the inhabitants of the southeastern foothills of the Caucasus as "Iberians." Strabo's and Pliny's commentaries further aver that, during Roman times, Iberian was widely spoken in Aquitaine, a vast region in southwestern France.

Combined with the ice-aged words fossilized in their language, this wealth of clues strongly supports the thesis of an Iberian ice-age migration from the Caucasus to Western Europe and their eventually crossing the Pyrenees to settle in the peninsula that bears their name today. Corroborating this conjecture is the recent genetic sleuthing [5] of Basque mitochondrial DNA, confirming that just such a migration took place some forty thousand years ago, right about the time of the first Cro-Magnon incursion into Europe.

While the vast majority of peninsular Iberians and their trans-Pyrenean kin in Aquitaine eventually lost their original ethnicity on melding with subsequent invading cultures, quite another fate befell those who remained in fairly inaccessible pockets of the western Pyrenean mountain valleys. Inspired by a fierce spirit of independence, these few, endogamous stragglers managed to retain their archaic language, their relic racial characteristics and their original blood genotype. It is startling to realize that the Neolithic artists of those handsome cave paintings of Lascaux, Niaux, Isturitz and Altamira were Basque. It is equally intriguing to conjecture that listening to spoken Basque today may be like listening to a scratchy millennial tape recording of our Cro-Magnon ancestors.

During a recent visit to my ancestral home in the Spanish Pyrenees, I happened across a sixteenth century manuscript claiming family roots that dated back to "time immemorial." This startling discovery encouraged me to anchor this chronicle in the prehistoric past, describing a journey spanning the last glacial age to the present. It narrates the meandering of a family of Vascon warlords, the Agorretas, as they grope their way out of the prehistoric mists and into the glare of history.

The account begins during the brief warming spell of the Pandorf Interstadial, some forty-thousand years ago. A band of nomadic hunters abandons its Caucasian caves to pursue the big game, which has retreated to the northern tundra following the receding ice cap. As the weather turns cold again, during the peak of the Würm glaciation some twenty thousand years later, the big game and its pursuers retreat south, keeping one step ahead of the advancing ice sheet. The hunters seek shelter in caves at the foot of both the Massif Central and the Pyrenees and leave their artistic imprint in cave paintings along the way.

As this band of Vascon hunters finally surfaces into history, we see them rub reluctant elbows with Celts, join the Roman legions in the Rhine, tangle with Charlemagne at Roncevaux, and fight North African Muslims in battles from Covadonga to al-Andalus, always fiercely defending their beloved Vascon valleys in the Pyrenean uplands. Later, and now at the cusp of the age of chivalry, an Agorreta participates in jousts, takes the Cross in the Lionheart's Crusade, and woos a Moorish princess whose brother he later helps defeat in the turning-point battle of Navas de Tolosa. Later still, now in the thick of the Middle Ages, another Agorreta crosses swords with the Black Prince at Crecy and later fights under the Englishman's banner at Nájera. Finally, during the twilight years of the Vascon kingdom of Navarre, several Agorretas attain Royal Judgeships, serve as Seneschals to kings and bear brave lances under Cesare Borgia. The chronicle ends on the eve of the annexation of a once fiercely independent Vasconia to the nascent kingdom of Spain.

Although generous literary license is taken when narrating prehistoric events, actual family names and events are cited whenever historical records exist. Thus, although the early Agorretas described in this chronicle are fictional, the later characters did, in fact, leave their imprint in Navarran history as borne out in Navarre's heraldic records.

One last comment should help clarify the otherwise confusing interchangeable usage of the terms Basque, Vascon and Gascon in this chronicle. Although the term Basque is inclusive and embraces the other two, the "Vascon" designation is the most ancient, having been first employed by the Greek cartographer Strabo to identify the inhabitants of the southwestern corner of the Pyrenees. The "Vascon" appellation merely distinguishes those Basques inhabiting the southern slopes of the Pyrenees from those living in the northern slopes who are called "Gascons." Another, now archaic geographical designation frequently employed in this narrative is Aquitaine, a vast region in southwestern France extending from the Loire to the Pyrenees, once peopled by Basques. First identified by Julius Caesar as one of Gaul's three parts, this, the "watery one," was a region briefly ruled by the English centuries later during the Hundred Year War.

J.M.L.

Footnotes:

[1] Jorge Alonso Garcia, "Desciframiento de la Lengua Ibérico-Tartésica," Fundacion Tartesos, Spain 1997
[2] Ptolemy Geography Book 5, Ch. 10
[3] Strabo Geography, 11.1.5, Loeb
[4] Pliny Book 3, Ch. 3, 29
[5] Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples and Languages, North Point Press, 2000.

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jbrighton989 at aol dot com 24-Mar-2008 16:48 #7172 ok ,i understand the principle and really think it likely that the carpathian mountains are a likely hometown for this reasus negative race/as some of the oldest hybreed fossils have been found there known to man.and not to mention the order of the dragon that links the royals seems to originate there too/and what with the vylad the impaler (mr normal)being of that order the strange features and manner seems to fit.I Took me a few hours but at least my queen isnt an alien.....so i feel better for the knowledge
mohawk at olypen dot com 28-Nov-2007 11:54 #6498 finely a web site that helps puts it all togather,thank you for your hard work.im 0,rh,neg,i read a report that states all o,rh neg are realated,what do you think of that,i have the barbs,mountgomery,stewert,and more in my family tree,now my qushten is how many of them are neg blood?or carers of the rr jean
davidn at aoi dot com dot au 07-Mar-2006 1:43 #2675 The previous note said: "In particular, the current evidence reveals that Neandertals and Homo Sapiens wouldn't have been able to breed together as their DNA is indeed of different length." This is new to me. Is any reference available on it? I'm not sure what "DNA of different length" means, either. David Noel 2006 Mar 7
blas at buber dot net 30-Sep-2005 15:51 #2046 It seems to me that many of the conclusions drawn above are based on old work that has since been superceded by more recent work. In particular, the current evidence reveals that Neandertals and Homo Sapiens wouldn't have been able to breed together as their DNA is indeed of different length. But, Basques indeed do breed with other human groups. And, research in mitochondrial DNA strongly suggests that all Europeans share female ancestors much more recent than the 600,000 years ago that the divergence would have occured. For more information, see Brian Sykes book "The Seven Daughters of Eve."
daniel dot hope at tyndall dot af dot mil 25-Sep-2005 17:15 #2021 How the Neanderthals became the Basques David Noel What happened to the Neanderthals? From a combination of old and new evidence, it appears that at last we have a satisfactory answer to the age-old question of 'What Happened to the Neanderthals?'. If the current reasoning is correct, their descendants are still with us, and we call them the Basques. This theory therefore simultaneously answers a second age-old question, 'What is the Origin of the Basques'? Robert J Sawyer has recently published his book "Hominids" [2], a fictional account of an interaction between Sapiens humans and Neanderthals, but drawing on the latest scientific research about Neanderthals. This research included studies of DNA extracted from bones of Neanderthal remains. The account mentions five months of painstaking work to extract a 379-nucleotide fragment from the control region of the Neanderthal's mitochondrial DNA, followed by use of a polymerase chain reaction to reproduce millions of copies of the recovered DNA. This was carefully sequenced and then a check made of the corresponding mitochondrial DNA from 1,600 modern humans: Native Canadians, Polynesians. Australians, Africans, Asians, and Europeans. Every one of those 1,600 people had at least 371 nucleotides out of those 379 the same; the maximum deviation was just 8 nucleotides. But the Neanderthal DNA had an average of only 352 nucleotides in common with the modern specimens; it deviated by 27 nucleotides. It was concluded that Homo sapiens and Neanderthals must have diverged from each other between 550,000 and 690,000 years ago for their DNA to be so different. In contrast, all modern humans probably shared a common ancestor 150,000 or 200,000 years in the past. It was concluded that Neanderthals were probably a fully separate species from modern humans, not just a subspecies: Homo neanderthalensis, not Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Looking now at the evidence for the theory that the Basques are descended principally from Neanderthals, everything suddenly falls into place, and the supposition becomes almost self-evident. Location: The 'home country' of the Neanderthals is well known to have been western Europe. One source says that they "dominated this area for at least a quarter of a million years". Many of the best Neanderthal specimens have originated from the Iberian Peninsular. The Basque Country, lying on the western side of the Pyrenees and on the border between Spain and France, fits in neatly with this location. The Basques are well-known to have distinctive body characteristics. Kurlansky says "Ample evidence exists that the Basques are a physically distinct group. There is a Basque type with a long straight nose, thick eyebrows, strong chin, and long earlobes" [1]. Basque skulls tend to be built on a different pattern. In the early 1880s, a researcher reported "Someone gave me a Basque body and I dissected it, and I assert that the head was not built like that of other men" [1]. These qualitative differences are indicative, but quantitative evidence, with presence or absence of features, or items being present in different numbers, has greater weight in deciding whether specimens belong to the same or different species. Powerful quantitative evidence comes from a consideration of blood factors. Human blood is classified according to various parameters, the most important of which are ABO and Rhesus characteristics. In ABO, blood may contain the 'A' factor (giving A-group blood), the 'B' factor (B-group), both 'A' and 'B' (AB blood), or neither (O blood). The A and B factors act like antibodies, and if blood containing one or both of them is transferred to a person whose blood does not already contain them, adverse reactions occur. Group O blood contains neither antibody and can typically be transferred without reaction to any recipient. Some 55% of Basques have Group O blood, one of the highest percentages in the world [3]. Even stronger evidence comes from the Rhesus factor, discovered only in 1940. The blood of most humans (and, apparently, all other primates [6]) contains this factor, and is called Rhesus-positive or Rh+ blood. Blood lacking this factor is called Rhesus-negative. The Basques are well-known to have the highest percentage (around 33%) of Rhesus-negative blood of any human population [2], and so are regarded as the original source of this factor. In the United States, some 15% of the 'European' population are Rh-negative, while the percentage in the 'Asian' and 'Black' population is much less than this. Possession of Rh-negative blood can be a major disadvantage for a human population. A Rh-negative woman who conceives a Rh-positive child with a Rh-positive man will typically bear her first child without special problems. However, because of intermingling of fluids between mother and foetus, the first pregnancy builds up antibodies to Rh+ blood in the woman which typically attack the blood of her subsequent Rh+ children, causing them to miscarry, be stillborn, or die shortly after birth (infant haemolytic disease [6]). This phenomenon is unknown elsewhere in nature, although it can occur with artificial crosses between species, as in mule production [6]. The scenario so far then is this. Around 600,000 years ago, in southern Europe, a species of man separated off from the ancestral line, and we call this species Homo neanderthalensis, the 'N-people'. The blood of this species contained none of the factors A, B, or Rh. Much later, possibly around 200,000 years ago in Africa, the main human line had picked up the A, B, and Rh factors (possibly from other primates, the Rhesus factor is named after the Rhesus monkey or macaque), and by then could be classed as Homo sapiens, the 'S-people'. In competition between related species or races, antibodies in their blood are a powerful genetic advantage for those who possess them when competing against those who don't. History has many examples of European settlers who quite unintentionally won out against native populations because the latter had no antibodies against diseases such as measles which the Europeans brought with them. In the present scenario, a woman of the N-people (Basque, Rh-) who partnered with a man of the S-people (non-Basque, Rh+) would be likely to bear no more than a single child of the partnership. 'Mixed marriages' in humans are not usually genetically disadvantageous, but in this case they would be. The effect would be a continuing reduction in the N-people population as 'mixed' couples produced only a single child, half the nominal population-maintenance rate. There are other physical characteristics of humans which are typically associated with Rh-negative blood, but which in the present scenario would be regarded as belonging to the N-people. These include early maturity, large head and eyes, high IQ [6], or an extra vertebra (a 'tail bone' -- called a 'cauda'), lower than normal body temperature, lower than normal blood pressure, and higher mental analytical abilities [5]. Another highly distinguishing feature of the Basques is their language, which is related to no other on earth. According to [3], its ancestor was spoken in western Europe before (possibly long before) the ancestors of all other modern western European languages. This source states that the most strenuous efforts at finding other relatives for Basque have been complete failures. People have unsuccessfully tried to connect Basque with Berber, Egyptian and other African languages, with Iberian, Pictish, Etruscan, Minoan, Sumerian, the Finno-Ugric languages, the Caucasian languages, the Semitic languages, with almost all the languages of Africa and Asia, living and dead, and even with languages of the Pacific and of North America. Basque absolutely cannot be shown to be related to any other language at all [3]. The structure of the Basque language is also very distinctive, it is said to contain only nouns, verbs, and suffixes. The language strongly defines the Basque people [8]. In the Basque Language, called Euskera, there is no word for Basque. The only word defining a member of the group is Euskaldun, or Euskera speaker. The land is called Euskal Herria -- the land of Euskera speakers. In the present scenario, Basque is the descendant of a spoken language originated by the N-people, independently of (and possibly at a much earlier time than) the languages of the S-people. In an interesting study, Philip Lieberman [7] has looked at the mouth cavities and other presumed speech production features of Neanderthal fossils. According to his evaluation, Neanderthal people would have had difficulty in pronouncing the vowel 'ee'. This vowel is missing from normal Basque pronunciation [9]. If the present scenario is valid, then the Basques, mostly stemming from the N-people, would of course be somewhat distinct genetically. In [3] the question is asked, "Are the Basques genetically different from other Europeans"? , with the answer, "Apparently, yes. Recently the geneticist Luiga Luca Cavalli-Sforza has completed a gene map of the peoples of Europe, and he finds the Basques to be strikingly different from their neighbours. The genetic boundary between Basques and non-Basques is very sharp on the Spanish side. On the French side, the boundary is more diffuse: it shades off gradually toward the Garonne in the north. These findings are entirely in agreement with what we know of the history of the Basque language". The social relationships of the Basques with the rest of the world have been quite unusual for a distinctive human group. While always protecting their unique and separate identity, they have also always striven to interact, cooperate with, and sometimes lead the rest of the world. Kurlansky points out the remarkable contributions the Basques have made to world history [1]. They were the explorers who connected Europe to the other continents in the Age of Exploration, in trade they were among the first capitalists, experimenting with tariff-free international trade and monopoly breaking, and in the industrial revolution they became leading shipbuilders, steelmakers, and manufacturers. At the same time, the Basques have always been regarded as 'different', and so inevitably subjected to discriminatory treatment and (sometimes savage) persecution, as in the Franco years [3]. In my book 'Matrix Thinking' [4] I have examined the underlying forces driving interactions between human groups, using the term SIOS, and the way groups recognize and act on differences between those inside and outside their own group. Genetic differences are one of the most powerful recognition signals in this process, and so it cannot be unexpected that the Basques have suffered in this way. Nowadays such events are regarded in a very negative light, as pointlessly discriminatory. In the Basque case there is some rare justification for this -- a non-Basque man pairing with a Basque women might have expected to have only one child of the marriage, before recent medical procedures got round the Rhesus negative problem. Language differences are also very powerful SIOS recognition signals, and it is interesting to look at the Basque case. The Basque language, while retaining its own distinct structure, has heavily borrowed words from other languages. Other languages have borrowed very few words from Basque, regarded as an 'inferior' language, and those that have come over often have had an uncomplimentary sense. As an example, Spanish has borrowed 'izquierdo' (meaning left, as in left-handed) from Basque, and words meaning 'left' often have a negative connotation (in English, 'gauche' and 'sinister' are from the French and Latin for 'left'). It has been suggested [5] that the Basques were the original inhabitants of Europe, and the architects of Stonehenge and similar megalithic structures. These constructions apparently used a unique system of measurement based on the number 7 (instead of 10, 12, or 60), representing a separate origin of a mathematical system. To round out the present scenario, it is suggested that the present world population is a complex hybrid mixture of at least two human species, one classed as Homo neanderthalensis, the other (or others -- if the A and B blood factors originated from separate species) as Homo sapiens. The genes from these species are now so intermixed (as in cultivated roses) as to make the species name indeterminate. Further genetic analysis, concentrating on the Basques, may reveal more on this. Research should cover both nuclear DNA, controlling sexually-inherited traits such as blood groups, and mitochondrial DNA, passed on unchanged from mother to child. For reasons given above, the N-people mitochondrial DNA may have now been bred out completely from modern world populations. Perhaps the Human Genome project needs extension to cover the possible mix of origins. It would also be of interest to check whether any known Neanderthal skeletons had an extra vertebra. There is an extensive website covering recorded Neanderthal fossils [10], and the information there generally supports the suggestion that the species have merged, with later N-people more similar to the S-people than older specimens. REFERENCES [1] Mark Kurlansky. The Basque History of the World. Penguin Books, New York, 2001. [2] Robert J. Sawyer. Hominids. Tor Books, 2002. [3] FAQs About Basque and the Basques. www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/larryt/basque.faqs.html. [4] David Noel. Matrix Thinking. BFC Press, 1997. Chapter 104, Syston Boundaries and SIOS. Also at: www.aoi.com.au/matrix/Mat04.html. [5] The Rh-negative Factor and 'Reptilian Traits'. www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r110199a.html. [6] Blood of the Gods. www.geocities.com/ask_lady_lee/rhneg.html. [7] Philip Lieberman. Eve Spoke: Human Language and Human Evolution. W W Norton, 1998. [8] What is Basque? www.clan-blackstar.com/research/basque.html. [9] Basque Pronunciation. www.eirelink.com/alanking/collq1.htm#Pronunciation. [10] Homo neanderthalensis. www.modernhumanorigins.com/neanderthalensis.html.
msddi at yahoo dot com 10-May-2005 9:17 #1531 hello did you know that the basque people are my family and allot of us live in the united states today mostley in colorado . christopher collombus droped us off down in centeral america and we traveled with the indios people we have record of this and a family tree it was last known in a museam in santa barbra my grand mother is the last to know the history of our people my great grandfather alfonso marquez knew the history aloot more but i have the only seal of our people and it says iros anora y en la nora de auestra muente coparon inmasulado de rogad por nosa i dont know what it means it is hard to see its been in my family for a long timeon the other side it looks like mary magdalena because of the long hair and is holding a stabed heart with a blade or sword . my name and my brother and sister are the last to be put on this family tree i would like to know more about my family history so far no one has been able to help .thank you..
c dot chandler_2004 at sbcglobal dot net 21-Feb-2005 14:36 #1223 I believe recent DNA research has shown American Indian tribes with close ties to the Basques. Also there is evidence that the "Salutrean" spearpoints of the cave-painting era are identical with the "Clovis" culture of North America. According to a Russian web page, newly interpreted evidence in caves in Russia and Brazil indicate the same Paleolithic culture. In other words, it looks like this ice age civilization,with its paintings, its long sharp spearpoints and big game hunting strategies spread all around the globe. Chris Chandler
argonick at aol dot com 07-Oct-2004 15:22 #787 I'm delighted to discover this interesting historical novel which I will read as soon as possible. Sounds as though the author combines the perspectives of two earlier historical novels which focus on women -- Joan Wolf's DAUGHTER OF THE RED DEER and Jeanne Williams' THE CAVE DREAMERS. As a 27 year student of the Euskaldunak, especially prehistoric possibilities, I am curious about Lacambra-Loizu's Caucasus focus since that locale seemed to have faded recently as a possible candidate for place of origin/early development. A Euskaratzaile on the west coast
Lawrencelanier at hotmail dot com 11-Aug-2004 15:09 #650 Mark Kurlansky wrote The Basque History of the World. It's a great book. Also, I think Basque has some grammatical ties with the Caucasian languages such as ergativity, indicating subject, direct and indirect object in the verb, and a large case system (not like Latin's 5 and German's 4)with cases that have to do with location. Interesting idea about Basque having roots with the Afro-Asiatic languages. One thing that's neat is the root for 'water' is the same almost everywhere, that is like 'ak/at/ar', in Europe and Western Asia.
unzuetar at euskalnet dot net 06-Aug-2004 18:40 #641 Really I didn't know this marvelous book exist. I hope it will be on sale in the next Durango's Basque Book and Music Fair. Fantastic for our children to learn English besides.
tunderscoremondragonatemeeseeneperiodcom 16-Jul-2004 0:38 #597 Sounds fascinating, especially about the part about our origins. But for people who hate fiction, the book THE BASQUE HISTORY OF THE WORLD is a fascinating read. I forgot who the author was, though.
amerikanubat at hotmail dot com 13-Jul-2004 22:56 #593 Too bad the first guy's grammar above isn't better, one might just think his origins are somewhere on the plain in spain. There has been speculation for a lot of years that the Basque people originated in an area between Pakistan and Afghanistan and many of the place names in the mideast appear very similar to roots for Basques names or words. E.g., Uruz, etc. I would bet the author could be right that the language goes back at least 40,000 years, although I think it's exact birthplace is still uncertain.
alani2 at yahoo dot com 13-Jul-2004 16:44 #591 I took a DNA test last year, and found that my ancestors left Morocco, and entered Spain. My DNA typing is found in the Berbers of Morocco, and in the Basque peoples of Spain. They traveled from Spain through France, Sweden, and Germany, and into Wales. I am interested in learning about the Basque people, and their cultures.
jshubert at cbiz dot com 11-Jul-2004 10:39 #588 What an awesome saga. Anybody interested in the Basques and their fascinating history should have a copy of this book. It is amazingly researched and a great read.
riescoj at hotmail dot com 01-Jul-2004 10:51 #572 Wow dude...!! Anybody that read this page not knowing better "where" it come fm....is gonna think that the basque invented fire, walk on water...and use relativity in kindergarden....jejejejeje How about some intelectual rigidity for a change??? Don't you realize that all this asumptions contribute only to increase the lack of credibility on the part of the comunity????
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